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The U.S. as a Destination for the Forcibly Displaced: Drivers, Pathways, and the Prospect of a New Life
Executive Summary
This report provides a detailed analysis of the multifaceted reasons why forcibly displaced individuals are drawn to the United States. It moves beyond a simple enumeration of global "push" factors—the dire circumstances that compel flight—to explore the specific "pull" factors, legal frameworks, and perceived opportunities that make the U.S. a primary destination for those seeking refuge. The analysis is based on a synthesis of existing research and data from humanitarian, academic, and government sources. The central finding is that the decision to seek refuge in the United States is a complex calculation rooted in desperation, hope, and an acute awareness of risk. Key drivers include a flight from persecution, conflict, and violence; the U.S.'s established legal pathways for protection; the powerful aspiration for long-term security through permanent residency and citizenship; and the critical role of existing family and community networks. However, these motivations are tempered by a deeply challenging and often punitive asylum process, recent restrictive policies, and the profound physical and psychological trauma of displacement. The report also highlights a compelling narrative of long-term mutual benefit, with data demonstrating that refugees and asylees are significant economic contributors, enriching American society through entrepreneurship, tax payments, and cultural diversity. The report concludes that the United States' role as a haven for the forcibly displaced is a direct function of its legal and institutional frameworks. To maintain its standing as a global leader in humanitarian efforts, it is imperative to address the systemic barriers and logistical hurdles that currently undermine due process and create a paradox of protection.
The global landscape of forced migration is defined by an unprecedented number of displaced people. Over 122 million individuals have been compelled to flee their homes due to violent conflict, natural disasters, and political or economic instability, a figure that represents the highest level in modern history.1 This phenomenon is driven by a complex interplay of factors, often described as "push" factors, which force individuals to make a harrowing and desperate journey in search of safety.1
1.1. Defining the Terms
Accurate discussion of forced migration requires a clear distinction between key terminology, as these terms carry distinct legal and humanitarian implications.2 Refugee: A refugee is a person who has been forced to flee their own country and has crossed an international border to find safety in another nation.3 This flight is driven by a "well-founded fear of persecution" for reasons of race, religion, nationality, political opinion, or membership in a particular social group.3 The U.S. legal system, through the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), formally defines and recognizes this status, which comes with a right to international protection and a determination that their own government is unable or unwilling to protect them.2 Asylum Seeker: An asylum seeker is an individual who has left their country and is seeking legal protection in another, but who has not yet been formally recognized as a refugee.2 This individual is waiting for a decision on their claim for asylum. The right to seek asylum is enshrined in human rights law, yet this legal status is distinct from being a granted refugee, and asylum seekers often face a period of detention while their applications are reviewed.2 Migrant: A migrant is a person who chooses to travel to another country for reasons other than physical safety, often in search of economic opportunities, education, or to join family.5 A crucial distinction is that a migrant is considered to have traveled voluntarily and can return to their home country without risking their life, safety, or freedom.5 They are not afforded the same protections as refugees or asylum seekers.6
Refugee Asylum Seeker Migrant Legal Status Legally recognized and protected by international and national law. Awaits a legal determination on their protection claim. No specific protection; defined by voluntary travel. Reason for Movement Forced to flee due to a well-founded fear of persecution, conflict, violence, or human rights violations. Fled country and seeks protection from persecution or serious harm. Voluntarily seeks opportunities or family reunification. Return to Home Country Unable or unwilling to return due to a threat to life, safety, or freedom. Would face persecution or serious harm if returned. Can return without a threat to life, safety, or freedom. Protection Has a right to international protection and cannot be returned to a country where they face danger. Has the right to have their protection claim reviewed and cannot be returned until a decision is made. Does not receive the same protections as refugees or asylum seekers.
Table 1: Key Definitions in Forced Migration
1.2. Global Drivers of Displacement (Push Factors)
The primary catalysts for forced migration are not singular events but often a compounding of multiple, deeply intertwined crises.7 The decision to leave one's home is rarely made lightly; it represents a desperate necessity rather than a choice.1 Major drivers include violent conflict, targeted persecution, and economic and political instability.2 For instance, war and civil unrest have displaced millions, with more than 62 million people internally displaced due to conflict and violence alone.7 Additionally, targeted violence against individuals based on their ethnicity, religion, or political opinions is a common factor forcing people to flee.1 A closer examination of the root causes reveals that a linear view of displacement drivers is insufficient. For example, a person may flee a region due to an armed conflict. However, that conflict itself may be a consequence of long-term political instability and extreme poverty exacerbated by the impacts of climate change, such as food insecurity.7 This suggests that what appears to be a single, immediate cause of flight is, in fact, the culmination of a complex web of compounding crises that have made living conditions untenable.1 This multidimensional perspective on the drivers of forced migration is essential for a comprehensive understanding of why individuals are compelled to seek a new life elsewhere.
While people flee their home countries due to dire circumstances, the specific decision to seek refuge in the U.S. is motivated by several distinct and powerful "pull" factors. These include the promise of legal protection, a clear path to long-term security, and the presence of established family and community networks.
2.1. The Promise of Legal Protection
The United States has a foundational legal and institutional framework that provides a pathway to safety for the forcibly displaced.8 The Refugee Act of 1980, a landmark, bipartisan piece of legislation, fundamentally reshaped U.S. refugee policy by defining a refugee based on a "well-founded fear of persecution" and establishing a formal, systematic process for resettlement.9 This framework allows individuals of "special humanitarian concern" to be considered for admission through the U.S. Refugee Admissions Program (USRAP), with referrals often coming from U.S. embassies or the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR).11 In addition, the right to seek asylum is a legal right codified in both U.S. and international law, providing a crucial avenue for those who arrive at the border or from within the country to request protection.8 This legal foundation represents a beacon of hope for many, offering a formal process to escape violence and persecution and find sanctuary, which distinguishes the U.S. from countries that may lack such a system.8
2.2. Avenues to Long-Term Security
The prospect of obtaining a pathway to lawful permanent residency and eventual citizenship is a profoundly powerful motivator for refugees and asylum seekers.8 These legal statuses offer a level of stability and security that is impossible to achieve in a state of statelessness or precarity. Permanent Residency and its Limitations: A green card holder, or permanent resident, is granted the right to live and work in the U.S. indefinitely. This status provides access to employment, education, and certain social benefits. However, this status is not absolute. Permanent residents cannot vote in federal elections, hold most political offices, or obtain a U.S. passport. Furthermore, their status is conditional; they can be deported for certain crimes or for abandoning their U.S. residence by spending too much time abroad. The Pathway to Full Citizenship: The ultimate goal for many is naturalization, which typically requires a minimum of five years of permanent residency, or three if married to a U.S. citizen. Naturalization requires a demonstration of "good moral character" and passing a two-part test on English language proficiency and U.S. history and government.7 The transformation from refugee to citizen is more than a change in legal status; it is a fundamental shift from precarity to permanence. Citizenship offers full legal membership, which includes the right to vote in all elections, enhanced travel freedom without the need for reentry permits, and, crucially, protection from deportation for criminal activity. The elimination of these vulnerabilities through citizenship addresses a deep, existential need for finality and security after years of living in fear and uncertainty.
2.3. The Power of Family and Community
Family reunification is a critical driver of migration, rooted in the universal legal right to family unity.14 The U.S. has specific programs designed to facilitate this process, providing a legal basis for loved ones to join those already granted protection. The Refugee/Asylee Relative Petition (Form I-730) allows a principal refugee or asylee to petition for their spouse and unmarried children under the age of 21 to join them, ideally within two years of their own admission.16 Additionally, the Priority 3 (P-3) Family Reunification program provides a separate pathway for parents, spouses, and children to gain access to the USRAP, though they must still independently qualify as refugees.11 The role of existing family ties and established diaspora communities is paramount to successful resettlement and integration.19 These networks act as a vital support system, providing language and cultural knowledge, a sense of belonging, and essential guidance in navigating new and unfamiliar systems. The presence of these communities is directly linked to better physical and mental health outcomes for resettled refugees.20 The term "chain migration" is often used in public discourse to describe this phenomenon.15 However, analysis reveals that this is not a negative or fraudulent process but a natural social and economic one. The U.S. government, by creating official avenues like the I-730 and P-3 programs, formally recognizes the value of these social networks in easing the resettlement process. For a newly arrived refugee, a relative is not merely a family member but a lifeline—an interpreter, a source of housing and employment information, and a vital emotional support system that mitigates the trauma of displacement and increases the probability of long-term success.19
The promise of economic and social mobility is a significant pull factor for refugees, offering the prospect of rebuilding their lives and achieving self-sufficiency after fleeing instability and deprivation.2 For many, the ability to work, earn a living, and secure a future for their children is a primary motivation.
3.1. The Prospect of Economic Self-Sufficiency
Refugees and asylees are consistently shown to be net contributors to the U.S. economy, far outweighing the cost of the initial government services they receive. A study by the Department of Health and Human Services found that between 1990 and 2022, refugees and asylees generated a positive fiscal impact of nearly $124 billion.21 Over a 15-year period from 2005 to 2019, they contributed $581 billion in tax revenue to federal, state, and local governments, while receiving $457.2 billion in government expenditures.22 Refugees also play a crucial role in filling critical labor shortages in key industries such as manufacturing, healthcare, retail, and education.23 As of early 2024, there were 11.3 million job openings across the country, and immigrants were responsible for 88% of the labor force growth since 2019.23 Furthermore, refugees demonstrate a high rate of entrepreneurship, with 13% of refugees creating businesses in the United States, a higher percentage than non-refugee immigrants (11.7%) and U.S.-born citizens (9%).23 Their upward economic mobility is significant and well-documented. While the median household income for refugees who have been in the U.S. for five years or less is $30,500, those who have been in the country for at least 20 years reach a median income of $71,400, which exceeds the national median of $67,100.22 This data reframes refugee resettlement as a strategic, long-term investment that yields significant economic returns for host communities and the nation as a whole. The initial costs of resettlement are far outweighed by the long-term tax contributions and economic activity, demonstrating that investing in refugee integration is a sound public policy that benefits everyone.
Refugees U.S. Citizens Net Fiscal Impact (1990-2022) Positive impact of nearly $124 billion on the U.S. economy. N/A (serves as a baseline for comparison). Tax Contributions (2005-2019) Contributed $581 billion in taxes. N/A (serves as a baseline for comparison). Expenditures (2005-2019) Received $457.2 billion in government expenditures. N/A (serves as a baseline for comparison). Business Creation Rate 13% are entrepreneurs. 9% are entrepreneurs. Workforce Participation 77% are of working age. 49.7% are of working age. Median Household Income (after 20+ years) $71,400, exceeding the national median of $67,100. $67,100 (national median).
Table 2: Economic Contributions of Refugees to the U.S. Economy
3.2. Access to Education and Services
A cornerstone of the U.S. system that attracts refugees is the legal right of all children to a free public education, regardless of their or their parents' immigration status.24 This fundamental right, established by the Supreme Court in Plyler v. Doe, ensures that refugee children, who often arrive with disrupted educational histories, have a chance to build a solid foundation for their future.24 Furthermore, upon arrival, refugees are supported by a network of government-funded and non-profit programs designed to facilitate their integration into American society.21 These support services focus on achieving economic independence, with a priority on helping new arrivals find and maintain employment within their first year.26 Services include: Job Development and Placement: Agencies work with local employers to find job opportunities and provide assistance with resumes and interviews.21 Language and Skills Training: Refugees are helped to enroll in English language courses, which is an essential step toward self-sufficiency.21 Data indicates that refugees with higher English proficiency prior to resettlement are more likely to achieve economic success.27 Social Adjustment and Cultural Orientation: Resettlement agencies provide crucial guidance on American culture, laws, and customs to help families overcome cultural barriers.21 This robust system of support and access to education demonstrates a commitment to helping refugees succeed, providing a clear path to rebuilding a life of dignity and opportunity.
The decision to come to the United States is not just about the potential for a new life; it is a journey fraught with immense physical and psychological hardship, often compounded by a complex and increasingly restrictive legal system.
4.1. The Physical and Mental Toll
The experience of forced displacement and migration exposes individuals to intense, life-threatening stressors that take a severe toll on their physical and mental health.28 Refugees and asylum seekers are at a significantly higher risk for mental health conditions such as anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), as well as physical ailments like headaches, muscle tension, and gastrointestinal issues.28 They are also at a heightened risk for hunger, deprivation, violence, and even human trafficking.29 For women and girls, the journey carries an increased risk of gender-based violence and abuse.30 The profound psychological burden does not dissipate upon arrival. The trauma of the past is often compounded by new stressors, including separation from family, cultural shock, and the stress of navigating a new country while living with uncertain legal status.28 This ongoing state of emotional strain highlights the critical need for culturally competent and linguistically appropriate mental health support from the moment of arrival, as many are at increased risk for developing substance use disorders as a coping mechanism.29
4.2. Navigating a Complex and Restrictive System
The U.S. asylum system, while founded on a legal right to seek protection, presents a formidable gauntlet of legal and logistical hurdles.31 Recent administrations have implemented policies that have created what advocates describe as "insurmountable barriers" to asylum, including rapid deportations, family separations, and unlawful pushbacks at the border.31 The One-Year Filing Deadline: A key legal hurdle is the requirement to file Form I-589 for asylum within one year of the individual's last arrival in the U.S..32 This strict deadline can be impossible to meet for individuals who have experienced severe trauma, lack legal counsel, or face systemic barriers such as backlogs and a lack of awareness of the deadline itself.34 Expedited Removal: This is a fast-track process that allows immigration officers to summarily deport certain non-citizens without a hearing before an immigration judge.35 This process has been widely criticized for undermining due process, as individuals have little or no opportunity to consult with an attorney or gather evidence.35 It can lead to the rapid deportation of families and individuals in a matter of weeks, making it nearly impossible for them to properly present their claims for protection.36 Punitive Border Policies: These policies have created a stark paradox in which the U.S. offers a legal right to protection while simultaneously making it nearly impossible to access. Title 42: This public health authority was used to rapidly expel migrants, including asylum seekers, without due process.37 The policy did not effectively manage the border or prevent the spread of disease but led to an increase in unauthorized re-entry and severely impacted the physical and mental health of migrants.38 "Remain in Mexico" (Migrant Protection Protocols): This policy forced asylum seekers to wait in dangerous Mexican border towns, where they faced rampant violence, including kidnapping, extortion, and rape.39 The program's harshness is underscored by data showing that only a small fraction of asylum seekers (less than 2%) enrolled in the program ultimately received protection.40 The existence of these policies creates a system where the "promise of legal protection" is, in practice, a legal gauntlet that can be a source of further danger and trauma. This contradiction highlights the profound disconnect between the nation's humanitarian principles and its operational realities at the border.
Step in Process Challenges and Hurdles 1 Initial Encounter at Border Subject to punitive policies like Title 42 and "Remain in Mexico".38 2 Filing Asylum Application Strict one-year filing deadline 32, which can be impossible to meet due to trauma and systemic backlogs.34 3 Credible Fear Interview Occurs during detention and with limited or no access to an attorney.35 4 Asylum Hearing (if applicable) Subject to an immigration court system with a massive backlog.38 5 Post-Denial High risk of summary deportation through expedited removal.35
Table 3: The U.S. Asylum Process: A Gauntlet of Hurdles
The narrative of refugees as a burden on host societies is consistently disproven by data that highlights their significant and long-term contributions.23 Beyond the economic benefits, refugees enrich their new communities in profound and meaningful ways. Economic Contributions: As detailed previously, refugees and asylees are strong economic assets. They are highly entrepreneurial, often starting businesses at higher rates than native-born citizens.23 They fill critical workforce gaps, particularly in industries that are facing labor shortages.23 Their earnings and tax contributions increase significantly over time, demonstrating a strong capacity for upward mobility and a long-term return on the initial investment of resettlement.22 Social and Cultural Enrichment: Refugees contribute to their new communities in non-economic ways, enriching the cultural fabric through their unique perspectives and traditions.23 They are engaged members of their communities, often participating in civic life and volunteerism.23 The process of integration is a two-way street, requiring host communities to be prepared to welcome and support newcomers.41 The existence of established refugee and diaspora communities is a powerful factor in fostering a sense of belonging and helping new arrivals navigate their new surroundings, contributing to their overall well-being and successful integration.20
The decision to seek refuge in the United States is a testament to the enduring promise of a new and safer life. The allure of the U.S. is not a myth but is based on its long-standing legal framework, robust economic opportunities, and the presence of supportive communities. However, this report has shown that the path to reaching this new life is filled with systemic and policy-driven challenges that impose immense physical and psychological burdens. To ensure the United States remains a nation of welcome and possibility, it is crucial to align its legal frameworks with the humanitarian principles they were designed to uphold. This requires more than a reactive response to crises; it calls for a proactive commitment to building a more humane and efficient system.
Based on the evidence presented, the following recommendations are proposed to address the systemic challenges identified in this report: Streamline the Asylum Process and Address Backlogs: The government should allocate additional resources to immigration courts and asylum offices to significantly reduce the massive backlogs that delay legal determinations for years. Eliminating punitive policies like expedited removal for asylum seekers would ensure that due process is upheld and that individuals have a fair opportunity to present their claims without fear of summary deportation.35 Reform Family Reunification Procedures: The U.S. government should expedite the processing of Family Reunification petitions (Form I-730 and the P-3 Program) to prevent the prolonged separation of families. This action would not only fulfill a fundamental human right but also improve integration outcomes by allowing new arrivals to be immediately supported by their established family networks.14 Invest in Resettlement Infrastructure and Integration Services: Funding for resettlement agencies and community-based organizations should be increased to provide comprehensive and culturally competent support. This includes enhancing job placement services, English language training, and educational support for both adults and children, as these services directly contribute to the long-term economic self-sufficiency of refugees.21 Incorporate Comprehensive Mental Health Support: Acknowledging the deep trauma of forced displacement, it is essential to integrate culturally competent and linguistically appropriate mental health screening and support into the resettlement process from the moment of arrival. This proactive approach can mitigate the long-term psychological burden of migration and help new arrivals heal from their experiences.28 참고 자료 Forced Migration and Displaced People - How We Help | Doctors Without Borders, 8월 20, 2025에 액세스, https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/what-we-do/focus/displacement-and-forced-migration Refugees, Asylum Seekers and Migrants - Amnesty International, 8월 20, 2025에 액세스, https://www.amnesty.org/en/what-we-do/refugees-asylum-seekers-and-migrants/ What is a refugee? | UNHCR Ireland, 8월 20, 2025에 액세스, https://www.unhcr.org/ie/what-refugee Refugee - Wikipedia, 8월 20, 2025에 액세스, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee Definitions Explained: Refugees, Asylum Seekers, IDPs and Migrants - YouTube, 8월 20, 2025에 액세스, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ud2rwZIt0Go Migrants, asylum seekers, refugees, and immigrants: What's the difference? | Doctors Without Borders - USA, 8월 20, 2025에 액세스, https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/latest/migrants-asylum-seekers-refugees-and-immigrants-whats-difference Refugee and immigrant rights | Oxfam America, 8월 20, 2025에 액세스, https://www.oxfamamerica.org/explore/issues/humanitarian-response-and-leaders/global-refugee-crisis/ Is it legal to cross the U.S. border to seek asylum? 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Which asylum seekers were returned to Mexico under MPP? How many asylum seeker - National Immigration Forum, 8월 20, 2025에 액세스, https://immigrationforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Migrant-Protection-Protocols.pdf Collaboration in Refugee Resettlement Efforts: Opportunities and Strategic Recommendations - American Institutes for Research, 8월 20, 2025에 액세스, https://www.air.org/sites/default/files/2024-03/Opportunities-and-Recommendations-to-Support-Collaboration-in-Refugee-Resettlement.pdf