Comprehensive Clinical and Psychosocial Report on Pediatric Growth Hormone Therapy

Introduction

Pediatric growth hormone (GH) therapy, a powerful medical intervention developed to treat specific pathological conditions, now faces complex decision-making challenges as its application extends into a gray area between disease and natural human variation. This report aims to provide a rigorous, evidence-based, and comprehensive analysis of the clinical, financial, ethical, and psychosocial dimensions surrounding growth hormone therapy. Its goal is to help readers navigate this complex topic with clarity and confidence. This report will delve into key themes such as the fundamental differences between pathological and idiopathic short stature, the variability of treatment outcomes, the importance of risk assessment, and the profound impact of social norms and parental anxiety on medical decisions.

Chapter 1: Clinical Foundations of Growth Hormone Therapy

This chapter establishes the fundamental medical context of growth hormone therapy. It distinguishes between its use as a clear replacement therapy for diagnosed deficiencies and its use as a pharmacological agent to enhance a normal, albeit slower, growth process.

1.1 Primary Medical Indications: Pathological Short Stature

Growth hormone therapy is considered most effective and essential for children with short stature due to clear medical causes.

• Growth Hormone Deficiency (GHD): This is the most fundamental indication for GH therapy. It can be congenital or acquired due to causes like brain tumors (e.g., craniopharyngioma) or subsequent surgery and radiation therapy.1 In this case, the treatment is a replacement therapy that directly supplements the deficient hormone. In addition to short stature, adult-onset GHD can lead to metabolic syndrome, obesity, and decreased muscle strength, requiring some patients to continue treatment into adulthood.1
• Genetic and Chromosomal Syndromes:
  • Turner Syndrome: A genetic disorder in females where one X chromosome is missing or partially absent, leading to characteristic short stature. GH therapy has been proven effective in promoting growth.1
  • Prader-Willi Syndrome: A genetic disorder causing low muscle tone, cognitive impairment, and constant hunger. While GH therapy is indicated, close monitoring is required for obese patients due to risks like sleep apnea.1
  • Noonan Syndrome: A genetic disorder causing various developmental problems, including short stature. It was more recently added as an FDA-approved indication for GH therapy.1
• Growth Failure Associated with Systemic Diseases:
  • Chronic Renal Insufficiency: Kidney disease can impair growth, and GH therapy is an approved treatment to improve this before a kidney transplant.1
  • Small for Gestational Age (SGA): This refers to children born significantly smaller than their gestational age who fail to achieve 'catch-up growth' by ages 2-4. GH therapy has been shown to improve final height and was approved by the FDA in 2001.1

1.2 The Expanding Frontier: Idiopathic Short Stature (ISS)

• Definition: Idiopathic Short Stature is a diagnosis of exclusion for children who are significantly short (typically height below the 3rd percentile or a standard deviation score of -2 or less) without a clear hormonal, genetic, or systemic disease.1 This category includes familial short stature and constitutional growth delay.
• Significance: This is the most controversial and rapidly growing area for GH use. Unlike in GHD, these children secrete normal levels of growth hormone. Therefore, the treatment is not a hormone replacement but a supraphysiological augmentation therapy to accelerate a naturally slow growth pattern.1 The decision to treat is often driven more by psychosocial concerns than by a clear medical pathology.

This paradigm shift has significant implications. The initial indications for GH therapy were clear disease states where the body could not produce or utilize growth hormone normally, such as hormonal deficiencies or genetic abnormalities. However, with the inclusion of ISS—a condition of being statistically short without a specific pathology—the goal of treatment has shifted from correcting a deficiency to altering a natural growth pattern. This demonstrates the "medicalization" phenomenon, where the availability of an effective technology (recombinant growth hormone) combined with social pressures regarding height transforms a normal variation of human physiology into a condition requiring medical intervention. This creates a treatment market that did not previously exist and pressures parents and clinicians to consider intervention for otherwise healthy children.

1.3 The Diagnostic Process

The diagnostic process to determine the need for growth hormone therapy involves a systematic and multi-faceted evaluation.

1. It begins with careful tracking of growth velocity using standardized growth charts. A growth rate of less than 4 cm per year after age 3 suggests the need for a detailed examination.10
2. Bone Age Assessment: An X-ray of the left hand and wrist is used to evaluate skeletal maturity. A significantly delayed bone age compared to chronological age may suggest GHD or constitutional growth delay.11
3. Hormone Evaluation: If GHD is suspected, stimulation tests are performed using drugs like insulin, arginine, or L-dopa to provoke the pituitary gland's GH secretion. A diagnosis of GHD is made if the peak response level is low in at least two different tests, which is also a criterion for health insurance coverage.10 For ISS, by definition, these test results are within the normal range.

Table 1: Medical Indications and Approval Status for Growth Hormone Therapy
Condition
Growth Hormone Deficiency (GHD)
Turner Syndrome
Prader-Willi Syndrome
Chronic Renal Insufficiency
Small for Gestational Age (SGA)
Idiopathic Short Stature (ISS)

Chapter 2: Data-Driven Analysis of Treatment Efficacy

This chapter critically evaluates the expected effects of growth hormone therapy, highlighting the significant differences in efficacy based on the underlying diagnosis and individual factors.

2.1 Quantifying Outcomes: Expected Final Adult Height (FAH) Gains

• Growth Hormone Deficiency (GHD): The treatment effect is most dramatic. Therapy enables 'catch-up growth,' allowing children to reach a final height within the normal range, close to their genetic potential (mid-parental height).2 The treatment is fundamentally corrective. One study reported a significant increase in predicted adult height (PAH) of about 3.6 cm after five years of treatment.2
• Idiopathic Short Stature (ISS): The results are much more modest and variable. Multiple studies show an average increase in final adult height of 2 cm to 7.5 cm (average of about 5 cm) compared to no treatment.5 While this may be a meaningful change for an individual, it may not be a transformative change that justifies the immense cost and potential risks. Some studies have even noted that the effect on final adult height is inconsistent or "unclear".15
• Other Conditions: In cases like Turner Syndrome, GH therapy can significantly increase final adult height by more than 10 cm, moving individuals from a pathologically short stature to the lower range of normal female height.6

There is a significant disconnect between the clinical data and parental expectations in the treatment of ISS. Clinical studies consistently report an average final height gain of around 5 cm.⁹ However, parents considering a costly, burdensome, and risky treatment for their healthy child often hope for a more dramatic change that will firmly place their child in the 'average' height range. The popular term 'height-increasing shot' and some success stories can inflate these expectations beyond what clinical evidence supports. This leads families to embark on an uncertain gamble. They invest significant financial resources and subject their child to daily injections for years, yet the outcome may fall short of expectations given the unpredictability of individual response.⁵ This gap between statistical reality and parental hope is a central ethical and psychological challenge in ISS treatment.

2.2 The Critical Window: Optimal Timing for Initiation and Cessation

• Start Time: There is a strong consensus across the literature: starting as early as possible is better.1 Initiating treatment at a young age, well before the onset of puberty, allows for a longer treatment period before the growth plates close, maximizing the potential height gain.
• Treatment Duration: Treatment is not a short-term 'growth spurt' but a long-term process that lasts for several years.9
• End Time: Treatment should be discontinued when the growth plates have closed or are nearly closed. This is determined by a bone age X-ray (boys >16 years, girls >14 years) or when the annual growth rate drops below 2 cm.5 Continuing treatment after growth plates have closed will not increase height and can only cause side effects like acromegaly.7

2.3 Variables of Response: Why Individual Outcomes Differ

• Genetic Potential (Mid-Parental Height): A child's genetic makeup is a primary determinant of their height potential. GH therapy can help them reach this potential but is unlikely to dramatically exceed it. Children with taller parents tend to respond better to treatment.5
• Age and Bone Age at Treatment Start: As mentioned, a younger chronological age and less mature bone age at the start of treatment are strong predictors of better outcomes.1
• Degree of Short Stature: Children who are shorter at the start of treatment may experience a greater initial catch-up growth rate.1
• Treatment Adherence and Dose: Consistent daily injections are crucial, and adherence can be indirectly assessed through blood levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1).5 Higher doses are associated with faster growth rates but also an increased risk of side effects.1
• First-Year Response: The growth rate in the first year of treatment is an important predictor of overall treatment success.2
• Unpredictability: Critically, for ISS, there is currently no reliable way to predict which children will respond well to treatment and which will not.5 This adds a significant layer of uncertainty to the decision-making process.

Table 2: Comparative Efficacy of Growth Hormone Therapy by Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Growth Hormone Deficiency (GHD)
Idiopathic Short Stature (ISS)
Turner Syndrome

Chapter 3: Risk-Benefit Analysis: A Comprehensive Review of Side Effects

This chapter provides a balanced and detailed review of the known and potential risks associated with growth hormone therapy. It distinguishes between common, manageable side effects and rare but serious concerns, and clarifies the limitations of long-term safety data.

3.1 Common Short-Term Side Effects

• Injection Site Reactions: Pain, redness, swelling, or lipoatrophy (localized loss of fat tissue) at the injection site are common but can be minimized by rotating injection sites.4
• Fluid Retention and Joint Pain: Edema and joint pain can occur, though they are more common in adults and rare in children.7
• Gynecomastia: Development of breast tissue in boys can occur but is generally temporary.7

3.2 Significant Health Considerations and Potential Long-Term Risks

For children with GHD, treatment corrects a pathology and mitigates associated health risks (e.g., metabolic syndrome), making the potential side effects worth the risk. In contrast, for healthy children with ISS, treatment means taking on a range of new medical risks for a cosmetic (height) benefit. This fundamental asymmetry in the risk-benefit profile is at the heart of the ethical debate over ISS treatment and makes the lack of long-term safety data particularly concerning.¹⁸

• Metabolic Effects:
  • Insulin Resistance and Hyperglycemia: Growth hormone antagonizes the action of insulin, which can raise blood sugar levels.7 While this usually returns to normal after treatment stops, it could increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes in susceptible individuals.7
• Skeletal and Orthopedic Issues:
  • Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE): A condition where the head of the femur separates during the rapid growth phase induced by GH therapy. This is a serious complication that may require surgery.17
  • Scoliosis: Rapid growth can worsen existing scoliosis or, rarely, contribute to its development.9 However, some studies report no significant difference in incidence between treated and untreated groups.9
• Intracranial Hypertension (Pseudotumor Cerebri): A rare but serious side effect where pressure inside the skull increases, causing headaches, nausea, and vision changes. It typically occurs early in treatment and resolves upon discontinuation.18
• Pancreatitis: A rarely reported complication, with a potentially higher risk in girls with Turner Syndrome.7
• Malignancy Risk: This is the most significant long-term concern.
  • Tumor Recurrence: There have been reports of brain tumor recurrence in patients who received GH therapy, but a clear causal link has not been established.7 It is contraindicated in patients with active tumors.7
  • Second Neoplasms: Leukemia has been reported in some patients, but the data is complex and influenced by confounding variables like prior radiation therapy.7
  • The current consensus is that GH does not cause cancer but could theoretically promote the growth of existing malignant cells. This is an area requiring ongoing research and surveillance.

3.3 The Limits of Current Knowledge: The Long-Term Safety Data Gap

A critical fact repeatedly noted in the literature is that comprehensive long-term safety data, especially for healthy ISS children treated with supraphysiological doses, is limited or lacking.⁸ Most studies only follow patients until they reach their final height. The effects on metabolic health, cardiovascular disease, and cancer risk when these individuals are in their 30s, 40s, and 50s are not well known. This remains the biggest uncertainty in the risk-benefit equation for ISS.

Table 3: Summary of Potential Short-Term and Long-Term Side Effects
Category
Injection Site
Metabolic
Skeletal/Orthopedic
Neurological
Long-Term Concern

Chapter 4: The Realities of Treatment: Financial and Practical Realities

This chapter grounds the clinical discussion in the real-world constraints of cost and insurance coverage, which are decisive factors for many families.

4.1 The Financial Burden: Annual Costs

For patients who do not meet the strict health insurance coverage criteria (i.e., most children with ISS), the cost of growth hormone therapy is substantial. The annual cost is consistently reported to be around ₩10 million to ₩15 million.²³ Given that treatment can last for several years, the total cost can be a significant burden for many families.

4.2 Navigating the System: Health Insurance Coverage Criteria

The National Health Insurance only covers treatment for specific medical diagnoses and does not cover therapy for ISS or for the purpose of 'simple height increase'.

• Covered Conditions: GHD, Turner Syndrome, Prader-Willi Syndrome, chronic renal insufficiency, and SGA are covered.1
• Strict Diagnostic and Continuation Criteria:
  • Diagnosis: Requires specific test results, such as GH stimulation tests (e.g., peak GH < 5 ng/mL for GHD) and confirmation of the underlying condition (e.g., chromosome test for Turner Syndrome).13
  • Age/Height Limits: Coverage is generally limited by bone age (girls 14-15, boys 15-16) and final attained height (girls 150 cm, boys 160 cm). If these criteria are exceeded, coverage stops, and subsequent treatment is entirely out-of-pocket.13

These strict criteria mean that the majority of children treated for short stature in clinics—namely, those with ISS—are paying for the full cost of treatment themselves.²³ This creates a dual-track access system for growth hormone therapy, where a strict, pathology-based insurance system is combined with high-cost private treatment. Children with a clear medical diagnosis have covered access, but for the much larger group of healthy but short children, access becomes a matter of consumer choice available only to those with significant financial resources. This raises critical questions of equity and sparks debate about whether height has become a commodity that the wealthy can purchase.

4.3 Day-to-Day Management: Administration and Adherence

• Administration: GH therapy is typically administered via daily subcutaneous injections in the evening to mimic the body's natural secretion pattern.7
• Formulation: While daily injections are standard, weekly formulations are also available, which may improve adherence for some patients.7
• The Burden of Treatment: The daily routine of injections can be a significant physical and psychological burden for both the child and parents, lasting for years. This should not be underestimated when considering treatment.

Table 4: Detailed Korean Health Insurance Coverage Criteria
Covered Condition
Growth Hormone Deficiency
Turner Syndrome
Chronic Renal Insufficiency

Chapter 5: Psychosocial and Ethical Perspectives

This chapter moves beyond the clinical data to explore the complex human dimensions of the growth hormone treatment decision, addressing the user's questions about the nature of 'disease,' mental health, and parental anxiety.

5.1 Is Short Stature a Disease?: Medicalization vs. Natural Variation

• Pathological Short Stature: In cases like GHD or Turner Syndrome, short stature is a symptom of an underlying disease process.12 Treating it is part of managing the overall condition.
• Idiopathic Short Stature (ISS): This is where the debate lies. ISS is not a disease in the traditional sense but a condition of being at the lower end of the normal distribution curve for human height.8
• Ethical Considerations: Treating a healthy condition like ISS with a powerful hormone raises ethical questions about the line between treating pathology and 'enhancing' a normal trait.27 It challenges the boundaries of medicine and risks pathologizing normal human variation. It requires a fundamental reflection on whether being short is a medical condition or a physical characteristic that society has deemed undesirable.

5.2 The Child's Experience: Impacts on Mental Health and Self-Esteem

• Potential Negative Impacts of Short Stature: Studies suggest that some children with short stature may experience lower social competence, and higher rates of internalizing problems (anxiety, depression, withdrawal) and externalizing problems (aggression, delinquency), which can worsen with age.29
• Potential Positive Impacts of Treatment: Some studies report that GH therapy can improve these psychological issues, such as reducing internalizing symptoms like anxiety and social withdrawal.29 Increased height may lead to improved self-esteem and social functioning.
• Potential Negative Impacts of Treatment: The treatment process itself can be a source of stress and negative psychological effects.
  • The Burden of Being a 'Patient': Daily injections, frequent doctor visits, and constant height measurements can make a healthy child feel different or 'sick.' This results in the medicalization of childhood.
  • Unmet Expectations: As discussed earlier, if the final height gain does not meet the child's or parents' expectations, it can lead to disappointment that the long and arduous treatment was 'not worth it.'

This situation creates a 'therapeutic paradox.' The motivation for parents to choose treatment for ISS is often to protect their child from the potential psychological distress of being short.³⁰ However, the process of receiving daily injections and medical management for years can send a powerful non-verbal message to the child: "Your body is not good enough as it is and requires medical correction." This can lead to the internalization of the social stigma against being short, making the child feel flawed or abnormal. In other words, the treatment intended to improve psychosocial well-being can paradoxically create a new psychological burden centered on the treatment process itself.

5.3 The Parental Factor: The Influence of Anxiety and Social Pressure

• Anxiety as a Driver of Treatment Decisions: Studies show that parental anxiety is a primary driver for seeking GH therapy for ISS.32 Parents worry that their child will be bullied, face social disadvantages, and have low self-esteem.
• The Parent's Psychological Journey: One study describes a five-stage psychological process for mothers of children with ISS 32:
  1. Impatience: Worrying about the child's short stature and future social disadvantages.
  2. Wandering: Trying various non-medical methods like special foods, exercises, or herbal remedies.
  3. Deciding: Making the difficult medical decision to start GH therapy.
  4. Conflicting: Experiencing internal conflict and difficulties during the long and challenging treatment process.
  5. Accepting: Coming to terms with the process and the outcome.
• The Role of Clinics and Marketing: The proliferation of 'growth clinics' and marketing that promotes GH as a 'height-increasing shot' can amplify parental anxiety and pressure them into treatment without a full understanding of the limited efficacy and potential risks.17

Chapter 6: Evidence-Based Alternatives and Adjunctive Therapies

This chapter describes scientifically proven lifestyle factors that help a child reach their full genetic growth potential without pharmacological intervention, serving as a crucial alternative to growth hormone therapy.

6.1 The Foundational Pillars of Growth

In the search for a 'magic bullet' like growth hormone injections, the scientifically proven, fundamental lifestyle factors that optimize natural growth are often overlooked or undervalued. Focusing on these non-medical interventions should be the first step for any parent concerned about height.

• Nutrition: A balanced diet rich in protein, calcium, and vitamins is essential for bone growth. While no specific food can make a child grow beyond their genetic potential, chronic nutritional deficiencies can stunt growth.36
• Sleep: This is perhaps the most critical non-pharmacological factor. The majority of natural growth hormone secretion occurs during deep, non-REM sleep.38 Establishing a consistent and early bedtime (e.g., before 10-11 PM) is crucial to optimize this natural process.38
• Physical Activity: Regular exercise involving stretching and moderate impact, such as swimming, basketball, and yoga, stimulates growth plates and promotes overall health. However, excessive, high-impact exercise can be detrimental.36 The key is regular, moderate-intensity activity.

6.2 The Mind-Body Connection

• Stress Management: Chronic stress can suppress growth hormone secretion. A supportive, low-stress environment and a positive mindset are beneficial for growth. Techniques like deep breathing can help regulate the body's stress response.38
• Postural Health: Maintaining good posture is important. Slouching can compress the spine and hinder potential height growth. Correct posture helps the spine grow straight and strong.38

6.3 Critical Appraisal of Other Interventions

This section briefly covers other interventions such as herbal medicine (one study suggested it could improve growth velocity when combined with GH, but noted methodological limitations) 40 and surgical options like limb-lengthening (this is an extreme, high-risk procedure reserved for severe pathological conditions and is not a viable alternative for ISS).³⁹

Conclusion and Expert Recommendations

This report does not offer a simple 'yes' or 'no' answer to growth hormone therapy. Instead, it synthesizes the analysis to present a structured decision-making framework.

• For Pathological Short Stature (GHD, etc.): The decision is relatively straightforward. The benefits of correcting a medical condition and enabling normal growth generally outweigh the risks.
• For Idiopathic Short Stature (ISS): The decision is highly complex and personal. It involves weighing a modest and unpredictable height gain against significant financial costs, the daily burden of treatment, known short-term risks, and unknown long-term safety concerns.

For parents of children with ISS, the following sequential and cautious approach is recommended:

1. First, work with a pediatric endocrinologist to clearly diagnose the absence of any underlying medical condition.
2. Second, thoroughly optimize all non-pharmacological factors (sleep, nutrition, exercise, stress management) while observing the growth pattern for at least one year.
3. Third, if considering GH therapy, have a frank discussion with the doctor and (if age-appropriate) the child about the realistic expectations (an average of 5 cm), the full costs, the daily burdens, and both the known and unknown risks.
4. Finally, the ultimate decision should be based solely on the individual child's overall well-being and resilience, not on parental anxiety or social pressure.

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24. 키 크는 주사, 멀쩡한 아이에게 맞췄다간 생돈 날린다… 임상시험 한 건도 없어 - 헬스조선, 10월 8, 2025에 액세스, https://m.health.chosun.com/svc/news_view.html?contid=2023102502329
25. 소아청소년 대상 키 성장 목적의 치료 - 약학정보원, 10월 8, 2025에 액세스, https://common.health.kr/shared/healthkr/pharmreview/%ED%8C%9C%EB%A6%AC%EB%B7%B0_24_06_Pharmacotherapy%20today_%EC%86%8C%EC%95%84%EC%B2%AD%EC%86%8C%EB%85%84%20%EB%8C%80%EC%83%81%20%ED%82%A4%20%EC%84%B1%EC%9E%A5%20%EB%AA%A9%EC%A0%81%EC%9D%98%20%EC%B9%98%EB%A3%8C_%EC%B5%9C%EC%A2%85%EB%B3%B8.pdf
26. 한국화이자제약 주1회 성장호르몬 '엔젤라' 건강보험 급여 적용 - 메디포뉴스, 10월 8, 2025에 액세스, https://www.medifonews.com/news/article.html?no=182051
27. 성장 호르몬제는 의약품이지, 키 크게 하는 마법의 약물 아냐 - 한의신문, 10월 8, 2025에 액세스, https://www.akomnews.com/bbs/board.php?bo_table=news&wr_id=63676
28. [약업신문]美, 왜소증 치료용 성장호르몬제 시장 쑥쑥, 10월 8, 2025에 액세스, http://m.yakup.com/news/index.html?nid=37847&mode=view
29. 성장호르몬 결핍성 저신장중 아동의 정신사회적 적응, 10월 8, 2025에 액세스, https://www.e-apem.org/upload/pdf/jkspe-5-83.pdf
30. 논문 목록 - 과학기술 지식인프라 ScienceON (사이언스온), 10월 8, 2025에 액세스, https://scienceon.kisti.re.kr/srch/selectPORSrchArticleList.do?page=24&searchKeyword=%EC%84%B1%EC%9E%A5%ED%98%B8%EB%A5%B4%EB%AA%AC&prefixQuery=&collectionQuery=&showQuery=%EC%84%B1%EC%9E%A5%ED%98%B8%EB%A5%B4%EB%AA%AC&resultCount=10&sortName=RANK&sortOrder=DESC
31. 저신장증 아동과 정상 아동의 신체상, 자아존중감 및 문제행동 - ResearchGate, 10월 8, 2025에 액세스, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228479644_Comparison_of_Body_Image_Self-Esteem_and_Behavior_Problems_between_Children_of_Short_and_Normal_Stature/fulltext/000996492346a78f7e578403/Comparison-of-Body-Image-Self-Esteem-and-Behavior-Problems-between-Children-of-Short-and-Normal-Stature.pdf
32. [논문]특발성 저신장 아동 어머니의 `마음갉기`과정 : 성장호르몬 치료 경험 중심으로, 10월 8, 2025에 액세스, https://scienceon.kisti.re.kr/srch/selectPORSrchArticle.do?cn=DIKO0009893997
33. [진단] '성장클리닉' 쏠림…부모 불안·의사 탈출이 만든 풍경 - 메디파나, 10월 8, 2025에 액세스, https://www.medipana.com/article/view.php?news_idx=347586
34. “키 크는 주사, 과연 안전할까?”… 성장호르몬 오남용과 부모 불안에 대한 경고, 10월 8, 2025에 액세스, http://www.medisobizanews.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=128881
35. 키 크는 주사 아니다…성장호르몬 주사 부작용 경고 - 한국경제, 10월 8, 2025에 액세스, https://www.hankyung.com/article/2025072125867
36. 키높이 운동 - 높이 증가, 신장 증가 운동 - Google Play 앱, 10월 8, 2025에 액세스, https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=increaseheightworkout.heightincreaseexercise.tallerexercise&hl=ko
37. 대한소아내분비학회지, 10월 8, 2025에 액세스, https://www.e-apem.org/upload/pdf/jkspe-2-1.pdf
38. [숨겨진 키를 찾아라] 1. 키 노력하면 10㎝는 더 키운다 | 중앙일보, 10월 8, 2025에 액세스, https://www.joongang.co.kr/article/32842
39. 건강의학정보 - 인하대병원 발전기금 | 후원관리팀 - 건강정보, 10월 8, 2025에 액세스, https://www.inha.com/page/health/medicine/147741
40. 저신장 소아, 한약 및 성장호르몬 병행 치료…효과 개선 > 뉴스 - 한의신문, 10월 8, 2025에 액세스, https://www.akomnews.com/bbs/board.php?bo_table=news&wr_id=57659